Drumming is a vital part of the cultural heritage of the Yoruba of Southwestern Nigeria. Generally, whenever there is a big occasion: weddings, funerals … there must be drummers around. In big cities like Ibadan, there are always drummers plying their trade on weekends even without having any specific invitation to big occasions. This way, the tradition of passing the art of drumming which often appears effortless, but which involves very difficult process and long apprenticeship, to live on.This are types of drums in Yoruba-Land.
The drums range from everyday objects with monumental, simple forms to ornate pieces bringing status to the owner, connoting power and the honoring of ancestors.These Yoruba Ceremonial Drums from Nigeria show a combination of both.
Made from hardwood and goatskin hide, Ashiko is a tapered cylinder-shaped drum. It has its origins in the Yoruba culture, and is traditionally found in West Africa.
The traditional ones were handcrafted from a single piece of wood and used in many ceremonies and celebrations.
Bata is a set of three drums of different sizes played with either a stick or hands. They are characterized by having two heads, with one bigger than the other. Another drum of Yoruba origin, the bata drum is considered the sacred drum of the deity Ana or Oshun, known as the goddess of love. Bata drums play an important role in Cuba, where African slaves introduced them. They are used in religious events as well as in Cuba's genres of music.
Drums
Generally the drums of each ensemble can be categorized into two:
- Iya ilu (the mother drums)
- Omele (the baby drums)
Omele Atele
Omele Isaju & Omele Atele
Omele Isaju
Iya ilu dundun
Dundun ensemble
This is the hour glass drum commonly referred to as the talking drum. Actually, most Yoruba drums mimic speech (talk)
The iya ilu leads the whole ensemble. It leads the talk, dictates the pace, determines the song etc.
The Omele genus comprises
- Isaju (fixed high pitched dundun) Its pitch is fixed to a high tone by tying the tension strings.
- Atele (fixed low pitched dundun) By tying its tension strings, its pitch is fixed to a lower tone than the isaju.
Each of these two drums plays a different rhythm. Their combined groove is the foundation on which the bigger mum drums build their own rhythms. The isaju literarily means "the one that leads in front" while atele means "the one that follows the lead".
This basic "leader & follower " principle is common to the other Yoruba drum ensembles used in my music. The drums may bear different names but the same roles hold for each of these families. Although some omele lead while others follow, they are still all subject to the overall leadership of the iya ilu (the mother drums)
The dundun family usually includes one gudugudu which is shaped like a bowl. It is beaten with two leather beaters while all the other drums are played with one bent wooden stick while the other hand is used directly on the drum.
A more portable version of the dundun is more popularly used in urban social music. This is called the gangan. It also has a complete family of iya ilu and omele just like the dundun family. It is common to mix drums from these two size categories. The dundun has a bigger and deeper sound than the gangan.
Iya ilu & opa (kongo)
Saworo
Gudugudu side view
Gudugudu
This basic nuclear family is usually extended by multiplying the drums and players. So an extended dundun family could include 1 gudugudu, 6 isaju, 6 atele, and 6 iya ilu. There are often many more in a large ensemble.
